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what happened to the soldiers involved in the wounded knee massacre?

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Violent attack on Lakota Indians in 1890 by the Usa Ground forces

Wounded Articulatio genus Massacre
Function of the Ghost Trip the light fantastic toe War and the Sioux Wars
Woundedknee1891.jpg
Mass grave for the Lakota dead after the massacre
Date Dec 29, 1890
Location

Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota

43°08′33″N 102°21′54″Westward  /  43.14250°North 102.36500°Due west  / 43.14250; -102.36500 Coordinates: 43°08′33″N 102°21′54″W  /  43.14250°Due north 102.36500°W  / 43.14250; -102.36500
Effect Run into Fight and ensuing massacre
Belligerents
United States Miniconjou Lakota
Hunkpapa Lakota
Commanders and leaders
James Forsyth Spotted Elk †
Strength
420[1] 120[2]
Casualties and losses
31 killed
33 wounded		 xc killed
4 wounded
200 women and children killed
46 women and children wounded[iii] [4]

Wounded Knee Massacre is located in South Dakota

Wounded Knee Massacre

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Location within South Dakota

Show map of South Dakota

Wounded Knee Massacre is located in the United States

Wounded Knee Massacre

Wounded Knee Massacre (the United states of america)

Evidence map of the United States

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as the Battle of Wounded Human knee, was a massacre of nearly three hundred Lakota people past soldiers of the United States Army. Information technology occurred on December 29, 1890,[5] near Wounded Articulatio genus Creek (Lakota: Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of Due south Dakota, post-obit a botched try to disarm the Lakota camp. The previous day, a detachment of the U.Due south. seventh Cavalry Regiment commanded by Major Samuel Chiliad. Whitside approached Spotted Elk's band of Miniconjou Lakota and 38 Hunkpapa Lakota near Porcupine Butte and escorted them five miles (8.0 km) w to Wounded Knee Creek, where they made military camp. The remainder of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Colonel James W. Forsyth, arrived and surrounded the encampment. The regiment was supported by a battery of four Hotchkiss mountain guns.[6]

On the morning of Dec 29, the U.S. Cavalry troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota. One version of events claims that during the process of convincing the Lakota, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to surrender his rifle, challenge he had paid a lot for information technology.[7] Simultaneously, an one-time homo was performing a ritual called the Ghost Dance. Blackness Coyote's burglarize went off at that betoken; the U.South. Army began shooting at the Indians. The Lakota warriors fought back, only many had already been stripped of their guns and disarmed.[8]

By the time the massacre was over, more 250 men, women and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded (4 men and 47 women and children, some of whom died later); some estimates placed the number of expressionless as high equally 300.[iii] Twenty-five soldiers too died and thirty-nine were wounded (six of the wounded later died).[9] Twenty soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor.[10] In 2001, the National Congress of American Indians passed 2 resolutions condemning the military machine awards and called on the federal authorities to rescind them.[11] The Wounded Knee Battlefield, site of the massacre, has been designated a National Historic Landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior.[5] In 1990, both houses of the U.S. Congress passed a resolution on the historical centennial formally expressing "deep regret" for the massacre.[12]

Prelude [edit]

A delineation of the Ghost Trip the light fantastic

In the years leading upwardly to the disharmonize, the U.S. government had connected to seize Lakota lands. The once-large bison herds, a staple of the Corking Plains indigenous peoples, had been hunted to about-extinction. Treaty promises[13] to protect reservation lands from encroachment by settlers and gold miners were not implemented as agreed. As a event, there was unrest on the reservations.[14] During this time, news spread among the reservations of a Paiute prophet named Wovoka, founder of the Ghost Dance organized religion. He had a vision that the Christian Messiah, Jesus Christ, had returned to Globe in the form of a Native American.[15]

Co-ordinate to Wovoka, the white invaders would disappear from Native lands, the ancestors would atomic number 82 them to skilful hunting grounds, the buffalo herds and all the other animals would return in abundance, and the ghosts of their ancestors would return to Earth—hence the "Ghost Dance".[3] They would then live in peace. All this would be brought nigh by the performance of the slow and solemn Ghost Trip the light fantastic toe, performed as a shuffle in silence to a slow, single drumbeat. Lakota ambassadors to Wovoka, Boot Bear and Short Bull, taught the Lakota that while performing the Ghost Dance, they would wear special Ghost Dance shirts, equally had been seen past Black Elk in a vision. Kick Comport misunderstood the meaning of the shirts, and said that the shirts had the power to repel bullets.[15] Some tribes, including the Sioux, believed that a great earthquake and flood would occur which would drown all the whites.[16]

The Ghost Dance motion was a issue of the slow simply ever present devastation of the Native American's style of life. Tribal state was being seized at alarming rates. The one time nifty bison herds were almost hunted to extinction. The plains tribes unabridged mode of life revolved around the bison, and without the bison, Native American tribes rapidly lost stability and security, forcing them to rely on the government to provide rations to keep them from starving. The way of life of these independent people was apace fading. The Ghost Dance brought hope: the white human would soon disappear; the buffalo herds would return; people would be reunited with loved ones who had since passed abroad; the former mode of living before the white man would return. This was non just a religious movement only a response to the gradual cultural destruction of their style of life.[17]

U.S. settlers were alarmed by the sight of the many Swell Basin and Plains tribes performing the Ghost Trip the light fantastic toe, worried that it might be a prelude to armed assault. Amongst them was the U.S. Indian agent at the Standing Rock Bureau where Primary Sitting Balderdash lived. U.S. officials decided to take some of the chiefs into custody in lodge to quell what they called the "Messiah craze". The armed services first hoped to have Buffalo Bill—a friend of Sitting Bull—assistance in the plan, to reduce the chance of violence. Standing Rock agent James McLaughlin overrode the armed services and sent the Indian police to abort Sitting Bull.

On December 15, 1890, forty Native American policemen arrived at Sitting Bull's house to arrest him. When Sitting Bull refused to comply, the police used force on him. The Lakota in the village were enraged. Take hold of-the-Carry, a Lakota, shouldered his rifle and shot Lt. Bullhead, who reacted by firing his revolver into the chest of Sitting Bull. Another police officer, Red Tomahawk, shot Sitting Bull in the head, and he dropped to the ground. He died between 12 and 1 p.m. After Sitting Bull's expiry, 200 members of his Hunkpapa band, fearful of reprisals, fled Standing Rock to bring together Chief Spotted Elk (later known as "Big Pes") and his Miniconjou band at the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation.

Spotted Elk and his band, along with 38 Hunkpapa, left the Cheyenne River Reservation on Dec 23 to journeying to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation to seek shelter with Blood-red Deject.[18]

Erstwhile Pine Ridge Indian agent Valentine T. McGillycuddy was asked his opinion of the "hostilities" surrounding the Ghost Dance motility, by General Leonard Wright Colby, commander of the Nebraska National Guard (portion of letter dated January 15, 1891):[xix]

"As for the 'Ghost Dance' likewise much attention has been paid to it. Information technology was just the symptom or surface indication of a deep-rooted, long-existing difficulty; likewise care for the eruption of smallpox as the disease and ignore the constitutional disease."

"As regards disarming the Sioux, however desirable it may appear, I consider it neither advisable, nor practicable. I fright it volition outcome equally the theoretical enforcement of prohibition in Kansas, Iowa and Dakota; you volition succeed in disarming and keeping disarmed the friendly Indians considering you tin, and you volition not succeed with the mob element because you cannot."

"If I were again to be an Indian agent, and had my selection, I would take accuse of x,000 armed Sioux in preference to a like number of disarmed ones; and furthermore agree to handle that number, or the whole Sioux nation, without a white soldier. Respectfully, etc., V.T. McGillycuddy."

"P.Southward. I neglected to state that up to date there has been neither a Sioux outbreak or war. No denizen in Nebraska or Dakota has been killed, molested or can evidence the scratch of a pin, and no property has been destroyed off the reservation."[20]

General Miles'southward telegram

Nelson A. Miles

Full general Miles sent this telegram from Rapid Metropolis to General John Schofield in Washington, D.C., on December nineteen, 1890:[21]

"The difficult Indian problem cannot be solved permanently at this finish of the line. It requires the fulfillment of Congress of the treaty obligations that the Indians were entreated and coerced into signing. They signed away a valuable portion of their reservation, and information technology is now occupied past white people, for which they have received aught."

"They understood that ample provision would be made for their support; instead, their supplies have been reduced, and much of the fourth dimension they have been living on half and two-thirds rations. Their crops, as well as the crops of the white people, for two years accept been almost total failures."

"The dissatisfaction is broad spread, specially amidst the Sioux, while the Cheyennes take been on the verge of starvation, and were forced to commit depredations to sustain life. These facts are beyond question, and the evidence is positive and sustained by thousands of witnesses."

Fight and ensuing massacre [edit]

Miniconjou, Lakota Sioux Chief Spotted Elk lies dead after the massacre of Wounded Human knee, 1890

After being called to the Pino Ridge Agency, Spotted Elk of the Miniconjou Lakota nation and 350 of his followers were making the slow trip to the agency on December 28, 1890, when they were met by a seventh Cavalry disengagement under Major Samuel Grand. Whitside southwest of Porcupine Butte. John Shangreau, a scout and interpreter who was half Lakota, advised the troopers non to disarm the Indians immediately, as it would lead to violence. The troopers escorted the Native Americans about five miles westward (8 km) to Wounded Knee Creek where they told them to make military camp. Subsequently that evening, Colonel James W. Forsyth and the remainder of the 7th Cavalry arrived, bringing the number of troopers at Wounded Knee to 500.[22] In contrast, there were 350 Lakota: 230 men and 120 women and children.[7] The troopers surrounded Spotted Elk'south encampment and set four rapid-burn down Hotchkiss-designed M1875 mount guns.[23]

December 29, 1890 [edit]

At daybreak on December 29, 1890, Forsyth ordered the surrender of weapons and the immediate removal of the Lakota from the "zone of military operations" to awaiting trains. A search of the camp confiscated 38 rifles, and more rifles were taken every bit the soldiers searched the Indians. None of the old men were constitute to be armed. A medicine man named Yellow Bird allegedly harangued the young men who were becoming agitated by the search, and the tension spread to the soldiers.[24]

Specific details of what triggered the massacre are debated. According to some accounts, Yellow Bird began to perform the Ghost Dance, telling the Lakota the falsehood that their "ghost shirts" were "bulletproof". As tensions mounted, Black Coyote refused to give up his rifle; he spoke no English and was deaf, and had not understood the guild. Another Indian said: "Black Coyote is deafened," and when the soldier persisted, he said, "Stop. He cannot hear your orders." At that moment, two soldiers seized Black Coyote from backside, and (allegedly) in the struggle, his rifle discharged. At the same moment, Yellow Bird threw some dust into the air, and approximately 5 immature Lakota men with concealed weapons threw aside their blankets and fired their rifles at Troop K of the 7th. After this initial exchange, the firing became indiscriminate.[25]

Eyewitness accounts state that Blackness Coyote's gun went off when he was seized from backside past soldiers.[26] Survivor Wasumaza, ane of Big Foot'due south warriors who afterwards inverse his name to Dewey Beard, recalled Blackness Coyote was unable to hear. "If they had left him alone he was going to put his gun down where he should. They grabbed him and spinned him in the due east direction. He was nevertheless unconcerned even then. He hadn't his gun pointed at anyone. His intention was to put that gun downward. They came on and grabbed the gun that he was going to put down. Right after they spun him around there was the report of a gun, was quite loud. I couldn't say that anyone was shot, but following that was a crash".[27] Theodor Ragnar of the seventh Cavalry also stated that Black Coyote was deaf.[28] The account of Turning Hawk, an American Indian who was present at the massacre and was sympathetic to the U.S. regime, made no mention of Black Coyote's supposed deafness, instead calling him "a crazy man, a boyfriend of very bad influence, and in fact a nobody."[29]

Soldiers pose with 3 of the iv Hotchkiss-designed M1875 mount guns used at Wounded Genu. The caption on the photograph reads: "Famous Battery 'E' of the 1st Artillery. These dauntless men and the Hotchkiss guns that Big Human foot'southward Indians thought were toys, Together with the fighting 7th what's left of Gen. Custer's boys, Sent 200 Indians to that Heaven which the ghost dancer enjoys. This checked the Indian racket, and Gen. Miles with staff Returned to Illinois."

According to commanding General Nelson A. Miles, a "scuffle occurred between i deaf warrior who had [a] rifle in his paw and two soldiers. The rifle was discharged and a battle occurred, not only the warriors but the sick Chief Spotted Elk, and a large number of women and children who tried to escape by running and handful over the prairie were hunted downwards and killed."[thirty]

Modern historians, including Dee Brown, author of Bury My Heart at Wounded Genu, have supported that Black Coyote was deaf, and that he owned a new Winchester burglarize.[31] Historian David Grua wrote, "Portraying the young warrior every bit deaf and confused rather than 'treacherous', substantially contradistinct how the lead-up to Wounded Knee would be remembered".

At get-go all firing was at close range; half the Indian men were killed or wounded before they had a chance to get off any shots. Some of the Indians grabbed rifles from the piles of confiscated weapons and opened burn on the soldiers. With no cover, and with many of the Indians unarmed, this lasted a few minutes at most. While the Indian warriors and soldiers were shooting at close range, other soldiers used the Hotchkiss guns against the tipi camp full of women and children. It is believed that many of the soldiers were victims of friendly burn down from their own Hotchkiss guns. The Indian women and children fled the camp, seeking shelter in a nearby ravine from the crossfire.[32] The officers had lost all command of their men. Some of the soldiers fanned out and finished off the wounded. Others leaped onto their horses and pursued the Natives (men, women, and children), in some cases for miles across the prairies. In less than an hour, at least 150 Lakota had been killed and 50 wounded. Historian Dee Brown, in Bury My Heart at Wounded Human knee, mentions an estimate of 300[33] of the original 350 having been killed or wounded and that the soldiers loaded 51 survivors (4 men and 47 women and children) onto wagons and took them to the Pino Ridge Reservation.[34] Ground forces casualties numbered 25 dead and 39 wounded.[ citation needed ] Black Coyote died at Wounded Knee.[35]

Eyewitness accounts [edit]

Brothers, (left to right) White Lance, Joseph Horn Cloud, and Dewey Bristles, Wounded Knee survivors; Miniconjou Lakota

"What's left of Big Foot's band": John Grabill, 1891

Suddenly, I heard a single shot from the management of the troops. And so 3 or four. A few more. And immediately, a volley. At once came a general rattle of rifle firing then the Hotchkiss guns.[36]

[T]hen many Indians broke into the ravine; some ran up the ravine and to favorable positions for defense.[37]

I did not know then how much was ended. When I await back at present from this high colina of my sometime age, I can still run across the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all forth the kleptomaniacal gulch as plain every bit when I saw them with optics still young. And I tin can see that something else died in that location in the encarmine mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people's dream died there. Information technology was a beautiful dream. And I, to whom so swell a vision was given in my youth, — you see me now a sad old human who has done zip, for the nation'due south hoop is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead.[38]

—Black Elk (1863–1950), medicine human being, Oglala Lakota

In that location was a woman with an infant in her arms who was killed equally she near touched the flag of truce ... A female parent was shot down with her infant; the child not knowing that its mother was dead was still nursing ... The women as they were fleeing with their babies were killed together, shot right through ... and after nigh all of them had been killed a cry was fabricated that all those who were non killed or wounded should come forth and they would be safe. Piddling boys ... came out of their places of refuge, and as soon as they came in sight a number of soldiers surrounded them and butchered them in that location.[39]

I know the men did non aim deliberately and they were greatly excited. I don't believe they saw their sights. They fired quickly merely information technology seemed to me only a few seconds till there was not a living thing before us; warriors, squaws, children, ponies, and dogs ... went down before that unaimed fire.[40] [41]

General Nelson A. Miles who visited the scene of carnage, following a three-day blizzard, estimated that around 300 snow shrouded forms were strewn over the countryside. He besides discovered to his horror that helpless children and women with babies in their arms had been chased as far every bit 2 miles from the original scene of encounter and cut downward without mercy by the troopers. ... Judging by the slaughter on the battlefield it was suggested that the soldiers only went berserk. For who could explain such a merciless disregard for life? ... As I see information technology the battle was more or less a matter of spontaneous combustion, sparked by common distrust.[42]

The whole trouble originated through interested whites, who had gone about nearly industriously and misrepresented the ground forces and its movements upon all the agencies. The Indians, were in consequence alarmed and suspicious. They had been led to believe that the truthful aim of the military was their extermination. The troops acted with the greatest kindness and prudence. In the Wounded Knee fight the Indians fired first. The troops fired only when compelled to. I was between both, saw all, and know from an absolute knowledge of the whole affair whereof I say.[43] [a]

—The Reverend Father Francis Thou.J. Craft, Cosmic missionary

Aftermath [edit]

View of canyon at Wounded Knee, dead horses and Lakota bodies are visible

Noncombatant burial party, loading victims on a cart for burial

Following a 3-day blizzard, the war machine hired civilians to bury the dead Lakota. The burial party found the deceased frozen; they were gathered up and placed in a mass grave on a colina overlooking the encampment from which some of the burn from the Hotchkiss guns originated. It was reported that iv infants were institute alive, wrapped in their deceased mothers' shawls. In all, 84 men, 44 women, and 18 children reportedly died on the field, while at least seven Lakota were mortally wounded.[45] Miles denounced Forsyth and relieved him of command. An exhaustive Army Court of Inquiry convened by Miles criticized Forsyth for his tactical dispositions but otherwise exonerated him of responsibility. The Court of Research, withal, was not conducted every bit a formal court-martial.

The Secretary of War concurred with the decision and reinstated Forsyth to command of the 7th Cavalry. Testimony had indicated that for the most part, troops attempted to avoid non-combatant casualties. Miles connected to criticize Forsyth, whom he believed had deliberately disobeyed his commands in club to destroy the Indians. Miles promoted the decision that Wounded Knee was a deliberate massacre rather than a tragedy acquired past poor decisions, in an effort to destroy the career of Forsyth. This was afterwards whitewashed and Forsyth was promoted to major general.[46]

Many non-Lakota living near the reservations interpreted the battle as the defeat of a murderous cult; others confused Ghost Dancers with Native Americans in general. In an editorial response to the event, the young newspaper editor L. Frank Baum, later the author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, wrote in the Aberdeen Sat Pioneer on Jan 3, 1891:

The Pioneer has before declared that our only condom depends upon the full extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had meliorate, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies time to come rubber for our settlers and the soldiers who are nether incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect futurity years to be as full of trouble with the redskins equally those accept been in the past.[47]

Soon after the result, Dewey Beard, his brother Joseph Horn Cloud, and others formed the Wounded Knee Survivors Association, which came to include descendants. They sought compensation from the U.S. authorities for the many fatalities and injured. Today the association is independent and works to preserve and protect the historic site from exploitation, and to administrate any memorial erected there. Papers of the association (1890–1973) and related materials are held past the University of South Dakota and are available for research.[48] It was non until the 1990s that a memorial to the Lakota was included in the National Celebrated Landmark.

More 80 years after the massacre, beginning on February 27, 1973, Wounded Knee was the site of the Wounded Knee incident, a 71-day standoff between militants of the American Indian Movement—who had called the site for its symbolic value—and federal law enforcement officials.[49]

Stranded 9th Cavalry [edit]

The battalion of 9th Cavalry was scouting near the White River (Missouri River tributary) about fifty miles north of Indian agency at Pino Ridge when the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred, and rode south all dark to achieve the reservation. In the early forenoon of Dec 30, 1890, F, I, and 1000 Troops reached the Pine Ridge agency, however, their supply railroad vehicle guarded past D Troop located behind them was attacked by fifty Lakota warriors most Cheyenne Creek (near ii miles from the Indian agency). One soldier was immediately killed. The wagon train protected itself by circling the wagons. Corporal William Wilson volunteered to take a message to the agency at Pine Ridge to get aid later the Indian scouts refused to go. Wilson took off through the wagon circle with Lakota in pursuit and his troops roofing him. Wilson reached the bureau and spread the alarm. The ninth Cavalry within the agency came to rescue the stranded troopers and the Lakota dispersed. For his deportment, Corporal Wilson received the Medal of Accolade.[50]

Drexel Mission Fight [edit]

Historically, Wounded Knee is generally considered to be the end of the commonage multi-century series of conflicts betwixt colonial and U.S. forces and American Indians, known collectively as the Indian Wars. It was non notwithstanding the last armed conflict betwixt Native Americans and the United States.

The Drexel Mission Fight was an armed confrontation between Lakota warriors and the United States Regular army that took identify on the Pino Ridge Indian Reservation on December thirty, 1890, the mean solar day post-obit Wounded Genu. The fight occurred on White Clay Creek approximately fifteen miles north of Pine Ridge, where Lakota fleeing from the continued hostile situation surrounding the massacre at Wounded Articulatio genus had set up up camp.

Visitor One thousand of the 7th Cavalry—the unit involved at Wounded Human knee—was sent to force the Lakotas to return to the areas they were assigned on their respective reservations. Some of the "hostiles" were Brulé Lakota from the Rosebud Indian Reservation. Company M was pinned down in a valley by the combined Lakota forces and had to exist rescued by the 9th Cavalry, an African American regiment nicknamed the "Buffalo Soldiers".[51]

Amidst the Lakota warriors was a young Brulé from Rosebud named Plenty Horses, who had recently returned from five years at the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. A week later this fight, Plenty Horses shot and killed army lieutenant Edward Westward. Casey,[52] commandant of the Cheyenne Scouts (Troop L, 8th Cavalry). The testimony introduced at the trial of Plenty Horses and his subsequent acquittal also helped countervail the legal culpability of the U.S. Army for the deaths at Wounded Knee.[53]

Winter guards [edit]

The 9th Cavalry were stationed on the Pine Ridge reservation through the residue of the winter of 1890–1891 until March 1891, lodging in their tents. By so, the 9th Cavalry was the merely regiment on the reservation later on being the first to arrive in November 1890.[50]

Medals of Honor [edit]

For this 1890 campaign, the US Regular army awarded twenty Medals of Award, its highest citation.[54]

In the Nebraska Land Historical Society'due south summertime 1994 quarterly journal, Jerry Light-green construes that pre-1916 Medals of Award were awarded more liberally; however, "the number of medals does seem disproportionate when compared to those awarded for other battles." Quantifying, he compares the three awarded for the Battle of Carry Paw Mountain's five-twenty-four hours siege, to the twenty awarded for this short and one-sided action.[10]

Historian Will 1000. Robinson notes that, in contrast, merely three Medals of Honor were awarded among the 64,000 South Dakotans who fought for four years of Globe War II.[55]

Native American activists have urged the medals be withdrawn, calling them "medals of dishonor". According to Lakota tribesman William Thunder Hawk, "The Medal of Honor is meant to advantage soldiers who act heroically. But at Wounded Human knee, they didn't show heroism; they showed cruelty." In 2001, the National Congress of American Indians passed ii resolutions condemning the Medals of Accolade awards and called on the U.S. government to rescind them.[11]

A small number of the citations on the medals awarded to the troopers at Wounded Knee state that they went in pursuit of Lakota who were trying to escape or hide.[56] Another citation was for "conspicuous bravery in rounding up and bringing to the skirmish line a stampeded pack mule."[10]

In February 2021, the South Dakota Senate unanimously chosen upon the United States Congress to investigate the 20 medals of award awarded to members of the 7th Cavalry for their participation in the massacre. Lawmakers argued that the medals given to the soldiers of the 7th Cavalry Regiment tarnished Medals of Honor given to soldiers for genuine acts of courage. Previous efforts to rescind the medals have failed.[57] In March 2021, Senators Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) and Jeff Merkley (D-OR) and Congressman Kaiali'i Kahele (D-HI) answered the South Dakota Senate's phone call and reintroduced a beak to revoke the Medals of Laurels awarded to the soldiers who perpetrated the Wounded Knee massacre.[58]

Medal of Award citations, Wounded Knee [59]
  • Sergeant William Austin, cavalry, directed fire at Indians in ravine at Wounded Knee;
  • Private Mosheim Feaster, cavalry, boggling gallantry at Wounded Knee;
  • Private Mathew Hamilton, cavalry, bravery in action at Wounded Knee;
  • Private Joshua Hartzog, arms, rescuing commanding officer who was wounded and carried him out of range of hostile guns at Wounded Knee;
  • Individual Marvin Hillock, cavalry, distinguished bravery at Wounded Human knee;
  • Sergeant Bernhard Jetter, cavalry, distinguished bravery at Wounded Knee for "killing an Indian who was in the human activity of killing a wounded homo of B Troop."
  • Sergeant George Loyd, cavalry, bravery, particularly after having been severely wounded through the lung at Wounded Knee;
  • Sergeant Albert McMillain, cavalry, while engaged with Indians concealed in a ravine, he assisted the men on the skirmish line, directed their fire, encouraged them by example, and used every effort to dislodge the enemy at Wounded Knee;
  • Individual Thomas Sullivan, cavalry, conspicuous bravery in activeness against Indians concealed in a ravine at Wounded Articulatio genus;
  • First Sergeant Jacob Trautman, cavalry, killed a hostile Indian at close quarters, and, although entitled to retirement from service, remained to close of the entrada at Wounded Knee;
  • Sergeant James Ward, cavalry, continued to fight subsequently being severely wounded at Wounded Human knee;
  • Corporal William Wilson, cavalry, bravery in Sioux Campaign, 1890;
  • Individual Hermann Ziegner, cavalry, conspicuous bravery at Wounded Knee;
  • Musician John Clancy, artillery, twice voluntarily rescued wounded comrades under fire of the enemy;
  • Lieutenant Ernest Garlington, cavalry, distinguished gallantry;
  • First Lieutenant John Chowning Gresham, cavalry, voluntarily led a party into a ravine to dislodge Sioux Indians concealed therein. He was wounded during this activeness.
  • Second Lieutenant Harry Hawthorne, artillery, distinguished conduct in boxing with hostile Indians;
  • Private George Hobday, cavalry, conspicuous and gallant conduct in boxing;
  • Start Sergeant Frederick Toy, cavalry, bravery;
  • Corporal Paul Weinert, arms, taking the place of his commanding officer who had fallen severely wounded, he gallantly served his slice, later on each burn down advancing it to a better position

Remembrance [edit]

Commemorations of Native American deaths [edit]

Wounded Knee hill, location of Hotchkiss guns during battle and subsequent mass grave of Native American expressionless

In 1891 The Ghost Shirt, idea to have been worn by 1 who died in the massacre, was brought to Glasgow, Scotland, by George C Crager, a Lakota Sioux interpreter with Buffalo Bill'south Wild Westward Show. He sold it to the Kelvingrove Museum, which displayed the shirt until it was returned to Wounded Knee Survivors Clan in 1998.[60]

St. John'south Episcopal Mission Church was built on the loma behind the mass grave in which the victims had been cached, some survivors having been nursed in the then-new Holy Cross Mission Church building.[61] In 1903, descendants of those who died in the battle erected a monument at the gravesite. The memorial lists many of those who died at Wounded Knee along with an inscription that reads:

"This monument is erected by surviving relatives and other Ogalala and Cheyenne River Sioux Indians in memory of the Main Big Foot massacre December 29, 1890. Col. Forsyth in control of US troops. Big Pes was a great principal of the Sioux Indians. He often said, 'I will stand up in peace till my concluding solar day comes.' He did many practiced and brave deeds for the white man and the blood-red man. Many innocent women and children who knew no wrong died here."[62]

The Wounded Knee joint Battlefield was alleged a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1965 and was listed on the U.South. National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

Beginning in 1986, the group named "Big Pes Memorial Riders" was formed where they volition get to continue to honor the dead. The anniversary has attracted more participants each year and riders and their horses alive with the cold weather, as well equally the lack of food and water, as they retrace the path that their family members took to Wounded Knee. They carry with them a white flag to symbolize their promise for earth peace, and to award and retrieve the victims so that they will not exist forgotten.[45]

7th Cavalry Regiment [edit]

When the seventh Cavalry Regiment returned to duty at Fort Riley from Pine Ridge, South Dakota, the soldiers of the regiment raised money for a monument for members of the regiment killed at Wounded Knee. Near $1,950 was collected, and on July 25, 1893, the monument was dedicated with 5,500 people in omnipresence. Today, the rock building however stands near Waters Hall.[63]

Popular civilisation [edit]

Massacre or battle [edit]

The incident was initially referred to equally the "Battle of Wounded Genu".[64] Some American Indian groups take objected to this description and refer to it as the "Wounded Genu Massacre". The location of the conflict is officially known as the "Wounded Articulatio genus Battlefield". The U.Southward. Army currently refers to it as "Wounded Knee".[65]

Bury my heart at Wounded Genu [edit]

In his 1931 poem "American Names", Stephen Vincent Benet coined the phrase "Bury my heart at Wounded Knee". The poem is about his love of American place names, non making reference to the "battle."[66] All the same, when the line was used as the title of historian Dee Chocolate-brown's 1970 best-selling book, awareness was raised and Benet's phrase became popularly associated with the incident.

Since the publication of the book, the phrase "Coffin my center at Wounded Genu" has been used many times in reference to the battle, especially in music.

In 1972, Robbie Basho released the song "Wounded Human knee Soliloquy" on the album The Vocalization of the Eagle.

In 1973, Stuttgart, Deutschland'south Gila released a krautrock/psychedelic folk anthology past the same name.

In 1992, Beverly (Buffy) Sainte-Marie released her song titled "Bury My Center at Wounded Knee" on Coincidence and Probable Stories.

In other music [edit]

Artists who accept written or recorded songs referring to the boxing at Wounded Knee include: Walela "Wounded Articulatio genus" from the 1997 self-titled album. Nightwish ("Creek Mary'southward Blood" from their 2004 album "Once" featuring John Two-Hawks); Manowar ("Spirit Horse Of The Cherokee" from the 1992 anthology The Triumph Of Steel ); Grant Lee Buffalo ("Were You There?" from the album Tempest Hymnal 2001); Johnny Cash (1972's "Big Foot," which is strongly sympathetic); Gordon Lightfoot ("Protocol" from his 1976 album Summertime Dream); Indigo Girls (a 1995 cover of Sainte-Marie's vocal); Charlie Parr ("1890" on his 2010 album When the Devil Goes Blind); Nik Kershaw ("Wounded Knee" on his 1989 anthology The Works); 1982 Single by Southern Death Cult ("Moya"); The Waterboys ("Coffin My Heart"); Uriah Heep; Primus; Nahko and Medicine for the People; Patti Smith;[67] Robbie Robertson;[68] 5 Iron Frenzy wrote the 2001 song "The Day We Killed" with mentions of Black Kettle, and quotes Black Elk's account from Black Elk Speaks on the album Five Atomic number 26 Frenzy ii: Electric Boogaloo; Toad the Moisture Sprocket; Marty Stuart; Brilliant Eyes; and "Pocahontas" by Neil Immature. On Sam Roberts' 2006 Chemical City album, the song "The Bootleg Saint" contains line disquisitional of Articulatio genus Massacre.[69] In that location is besides a Welsh song titled "Gwaed Ar Yr Eira Gwyn" by Tecwyn Ifan on this incident. The vocal "American Ghost Trip the light fantastic" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers makes extensive reference to the massacre as well.

In 2010, composer Roland Barrett published a song titled "Ghost Dances" for concert band. Information technology was acclaimed every bit i of his meliorate works, and information technology includes traditional music and rhythms.

In 1973, the American rock band Redbone, formed by Native Americans Patrick and Lolly Vasquez, released the vocal "We Were All Wounded at Wounded Human knee". The vocal ends with the subtly altered sentence "We were all wounded past Wounded Knee."[70] The vocal reached the number-1 chart position across Europe. In the U.S., the song was initially withheld from release and so banned past several radio stations. Richard Stepp's 2008 Native American Music Awards Native Centre nominated anthology The Sacred Journey,[71] has "Wounded Knee" as its final track.

In flick [edit]

The massacre has been referred to in films, including Thunderheart (1992), Legends of the Fall (1994), Hidalgo (2004), and Hostiles (2017). The 2005 TNT mini-series Into the W included scenes of the massacre. In 2007, HBO Films released a film accommodation of the Dee Brown bestseller Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. The 2016 film Neither Wolf Nor Canis familiaris has its climax at the massacre site and was filmed on location there.[72]

Other [edit]

In the 1992 video game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time, one level is called "Bury My Shell at Wounded Knee." It takes place in 1885 AD on a train in the Onetime American West.

In the 1996 DC comic book Saint of Killers, written by Garth Ennis, the main character becomes a surrogate Angel of Death, reaping souls whenever men kill other men violently. The story is set up in the 1880s, and well-nigh the terminate of chapter four, it is said that "four years later" he was chosen upon at Wounded Knee.

In the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite, several principal characters are veterans of Wounded Knee.[73] The protagonist, Booker DeWitt, is haunted past his deeds during the battle and at one point confronts one of his (fictional) superiors from the event.[74]

The Wounded Knee Massacre, and the events leading to information technology, constitute the last chapter of Złoto Gór Czarnych (Golden of the Black Hills), a trilogy of novels told from the perspective of the Santee Dakota tribe past Polish author Alfred Szklarski and his wife Krystyna Szklarska.

Social club of battle [edit]

Helm Winfield Scott Edgerly

Captain Allyn Capron, Sr.

7th U.Southward. Cavalry [75]
Col James West. Forsyth

  • Adjutant: 1st Lt. Lloyd South. McCormick
  • Quartermaster: 1st Lt. Ezra B. Fuller
  • Assistant Surgeon & Medical Manager: Cpt. John Van Rennselaer Hoff
  • Assistant Surgeon: 1st Lt. James Denver Glennan

First Squadron
Maj Samuel Whitside

Adjutant: 1st Lt. William Jones Nicholson
Troop A: Cpt. Myles Moylan, 1st Lt. Ernest A. Garlington
Troop B: Cpt. Charles A. Varnum, 1st Lt. John C. Gresham
Troop I: Cpt. Henry J. Nowlan, 2nd Lt. John C. Waterman
Troop M: Cpt. George D. Wallace (k), 1st Lt. James D. Mann

2d Squadron
Cpt. Charles S. Isley

Adjutant: 1st Lt. W.W. Robinson Two
Troop C: Cpt. Henry Jackson, 2nd Lt. T.Q. Donaldson
Troop D: Cpt. Edward Due south. Godfrey, second Lt. Due south.R.J. Tompkins
Troop Due east: Cpt. Charles S. Isley, 1st Lt. Horatio G. Sickel, 2d Lt. Sedgwick Rice
Troop G: Cpt. Winfield S. Edgerly, 1st Lt. Edwin P. Brewer

Battery East, 1st U.S. Artillery
Captain Allyn Capron

2nd Lt. Harry Fifty. Hawthorne (2nd U.S. Artillery)
4 Hotchkiss Breech-Loading Mountain Rifles

Troop A, Indian Scouts

1st Lt. George Due west. Taylor (9th U.Southward. Cavalry)
2nd Lt. Guy H. Preston (9th U.Due south. Cavalry)

Lakota [75]
120 men, 230 women and children [8]

Gallery [edit]

  • Map of Wounded Knee

  • Miniconjou Lakota dance at Cheyenne River, South Dakota, August 9, 1890

  • Holy Cross Episcopal Mission, used as hospital for wounded Lakota

  • Photographer taking pictures of campsite

  • Frozen corpse on field

  • Photo sold every bit existence that of the Medicine Man "Yellow Bird"; the presence of the rifle however suggests that information technology is actually the body of "Black Coyote"

  • The scene three weeks afterwards, with several bodies partially wrapped in blankets in the foreground.

  • Buffalo Bill, Capt. Baldwin, Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Capt. Moss, and others, on horseback, on battleground of Wounded Knee.

  • Reenactment of U.S. troops surrounding the Lakota at Wounded Knee (1913).

  • Wounded Knee, 1940

  • Wounded Genu grave, 2003

  • Gen. L. West. Colby property Zintkala Nuni (Little Lost Bird), found on the Wounded Articulatio genus battleground.

  • US Attorney Full general Eric Holder laying a wreath at the site of the Wounded Knee Memorial

Meet also [edit]

  • Wounded Knee Incident (1973)
  • List of events named massacres
  • Indian massacres in the United states
  • Genocide of indigenous peoples
  • History of South Dakota
  • Plains Indians Wars
  • Listing of battles fought in South Dakota
  • Manifest Destiny
  • Wounded Knee of Alaska
  • Thomas Quinton Donaldson Jr.

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Father Arts and crafts was seriously wounded (stabbed in the back and shot) in the melee while trying to save lives. He provided a unique eyewitness perspective to the massacre. Reports of Father Arts and crafts's condition and his letters were printed in newspapers across the United States in 1891. At ane point, when it was thought he might die of his wounds, he requested of his superiors to exist buried in the mass grave at Wounded Articulatio genus.[44]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Utley, p. 201.
  2. ^ Chocolate-brown, p. 178, Brownish states that at the regular army camp, "the Indians were carefully counted." Utley, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; in that location is no indication how many were warriors, erstwhile men, or incapacitated ill similar Human foot.
  3. ^ a b c "Plains Humanities: Wounded Knee Massacre". Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014. resulted in the deaths of more than 250, and possibly as many as 300, Indians.
  4. ^ Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Diplomacy, March 13, 1917, "The official reports brand the number killed xc warriors and approximately 200 women and children."
  5. ^ a b "National Historic Landmarks Programme: Wounded Knee". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January ten, 2003. Retrieved Jan 10, 2008.
  6. ^ Liggett, Lorie (1998). "Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction". Bowling Dark-green State University. Archived from the original on October 30, 2000. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  7. ^ a b Parsons, Randy. "The Wounded Knee Massacre – December 1890". Lastoftheindependents.com. Archived from the original on Jan 6, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
  8. ^ a b "PBS – The W – Like Grass Before the Sickle". www.pbs.org.
  9. ^ Wounded Knee & the Ghost Dance Tragedy by Jack Utter, p. 25 Publisher: National Woodlands Publishing Visitor; 1st edition (1991) Language: English language ISBN 0-9628075-1-6
  10. ^ a b c Light-green, Jerry (1994). "The Medals of Wounded Knee" (PDF). Nebraska State Historical Club, also available in Nebraska History #75, pp. 200–208. Nebraska State Historical Lodge History. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved July one, 2019. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ^ a b "Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and data". Footnote.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
  12. ^ AP (Oct 29, 1990). "Congress Adjourns – Century Afterward, Amends For Wounded Knee joint Massacre". The New York Times. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (Sd); Us. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  13. ^ Hall, Kermit L (ed.), The Oxford Guide to the Supreme Court of the United States, Oxford Press, 1992; section: "Native Americans," p. 580 ISBN 0-19-505835-half-dozen
  14. ^ To this mean solar day, the Sioux have refused to accept compensation for the Black Hills land seized from them. A 1980 Supreme Court decision (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians) ruled the taking was illegal and awarded compensation, increased past involvement to $757 million, but not the return of the state which the Sioux sought. The Lakota have refused to take the money, enervating instead the return of the land.
  15. ^ a b "Wovoka." Archived Apr 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine PBS: New Perspectives on the W. (retrieved August 6, 2010)
  16. ^ James Mooney (1880). "The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890". Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 14th. ii: 788.
  17. ^ Lesser, Alexander (1933). "Cultural Significance of The Ghost Dance". American Anthropologist. 35 (1): 108–115. doi:10.1525/aa.1933.35.1.02a00090. JSTOR 662367.
  18. ^ Viola, Herman J. Trail to Wounded Knee: The Final Stand of the Plains Indians 1860–1890. Washington, DC: National Geographic Guild, 2003.
  19. ^ Annual study, Part 2 Past Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology, John Wesley Powell, Matthew Williams, pp. 831–833 (1896)
  20. ^ The ghost-dance faith and the Sioux outbreak of 1890, by James Mooney, p. 833
  21. ^ United States Congress (1937). Hearings Earlier the Committee on Indian Affairs. U.Due south. Authorities Press Office. p. 28. Archived from the original on Feb 13, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  22. ^ Russell, Major Samuel L., "Selfless Service: The Cavalry Career of Brigadier General Samuel M. Whitside from 1858 to 1902." MMAS Thesis, Fort Leavenworth: U.S. Command and General Staff College, 2002.
  23. ^ Axelrod, Alan. (1993) Chronicles of the Indian Wars: From Colonial Times to Wounded Knee. (p. 254).
  24. ^ Utley, p. 211.
  25. ^ Utley, Robert (1963). "The Terminal Days of the Sioux Nation". Yale Academy Press. Archived from the original on Feb 13, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  26. ^ Utley, Robert Marshall (2004). The Last Days of the Sioux Nation: Second Edition. Yale University Press. p. 212. ISBN978-0-300-10316-eight. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February xiii, 2021.
  27. ^ "On the 120th Anniversary of Wounded Knee". National Institute of the American Indian. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  28. ^ Grua, David Westward. (2016). Surviving Wounded Articulatio genus : the Lakotas and the politics of memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN978-0-xix-024903-8. OCLC 921821850. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved Dec 29, 2020.
  29. ^ Charlton, Linda (December 30, 1975). "Army Denies a Wounded Knee Massacre". The New York Times. p. 16. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved August half dozen, 2009.
  30. ^ Phillips, Charles. December 29, 1890. American History. December 2005 twoscore(5) pp. 16–68.
  31. ^ Brown, Dee (2009). Bury My Heart at Wounded Genu: An Indian History of the American West (Illustrated ed.). New York and Toronto: Sterling Publishing. pp. 521–522. ISBN978-1-4027-6066-ii.
  32. ^ Bateman, Robert (June 2008), "Wounded Genu", War machine History, 24 (four): 62–67
  33. ^ Derived from Nelson Miles' report of some 300 snowfall-covered forms during his inspection of the field three days afterwards, Miles in a letter states: "The official reports brand the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children.".
  34. ^ Brown, pp. 179–180
  35. ^ "An Old Dilemma: What virtually the Indians? Militants vs. Tribal Leaders". The Los Angeles Times. March 11, 1973. p. 86. Archived from the original on February thirteen, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  36. ^ Series Prologue "Wounded Knee Legacy & the Ancestors." 500 Nations, episode 1, The 500 Nations Encore Venture, 1994.
  37. ^ Eli Seavey Ricker, Voices of the American West: The Indian interviews of Eli South. Ricker, 1903–1919
  38. ^ Black Elk, John Gneisenau Neihardt (2008) [1961]. Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux. SUNY Press. p. 281. ISBN9781438425405. Archived from the original on February xiii, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
  39. ^ "Lakota Accounts of the Massacre at Wounded Knee". pbs.org. 2000. Archived from the original on Feb 13, 2021. Retrieved September xviii, 2017.
  40. ^ Edward S. Godfrey, "Cavalry Burn down Discipline," Journal of the Military Service Institution of the Usa 19 (1896): 259.
  41. ^ William South. E. Coleman, Voices of Wounded Knee, p. 278
  42. ^ Hugh McGinnis, "I Took Office In The Wounded Knee Massacre" Archived July 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Real Westward Magazine, Jan 1966; at Our Family History Website
  43. ^ Craft, Father Francis, ''Exonerates Troops: Father Arts and crafts Corrects a Number of Faux Reports'' Archived February thirteen, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Saint Paul Daily Globe, St Paul, Minnesota, 15 Jan. 1891. Bachelor through Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress.
  44. ^ Russell, Sam (February 14, 2014). "Father Francis M. J. Arts and crafts – Missionary Wounded in Boxing". Ground forces at Wounded Knee. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved Jan 18, 2020. I had an alarming setback not long ago. I felt quite comfortable, although weak, but I was told that I was nigh gone. When I got amend I wrote a alphabetic character to the commanding officeholder here, to be given to him in example of my death, asking and authorizing him to take charge of the body and have information technology buried in the trench with the Indian expressionless at Wounded Knee.
  45. ^ a b Josephy, Jr., Alvin Yard., Trudy Thomas, and Jeanne Eder. Wounded Articulatio genus: Lest We Forget. Billings, Montana: Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 1990.
  46. ^ Ostler, Jeffrey. (2004) The Plains Sioux and U.S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee. (p. 354).
  47. ^ Giago, Tim (Nanwica Kciji). "The Man Who Called for the Extermination of the Lakota" Archived February 13, 2021, at the Wayback Motorcar, Notes from Indian Land © 2014 Native Dominicus News, at HuffPost. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
  48. ^ "Wounded Knee Survivors Association, Papers (1890–1973)" Archived March 24, 2012, at the Wayback Car, Athenaeum and Special Collections, University of Due south Dakota, accessed June 7, 2011
  49. ^ James Parsons, "AIM Indians with 'story to tell' made Wounded Knee the medium" Archived June 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Minneapolis Tribune, March 25, 1973. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  50. ^ a b Schubert, Frank N. (1997). Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870–1898. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. 121–132. ISBN978-0842025867.
  51. ^ Jeffrey Ostler: The Plains Sioux and U.South. colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee, pp. 357–358, Cambridge University Press (2004) ISBN 0-521-60590-3
  52. ^ Congressional edition Past United States. Congress, p. 132. April 26, 2011. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
  53. ^ Roger Fifty. Di Silvestro: In the Shadow of Wounded Articulatio genus: The Untold Terminal Story of the Indian Wars, p. 198, Walker & Company (2007) ISBN 0-8027-1514-1
  54. ^ https://www.cem.va.gov/history/Medal_of_Honor_History.asp Archived February 13, 2021, at the Wayback Automobile History of the Medal of Honor. While soldiers could be presented a document and cash bonus, physical badges and medals were not issued until 1905. At the time of the Wounded Human knee Massacre, the Regular army'due south Medal of Honor criteria was "The [individual'southward] conduct which deserves such recognition should not exist the simple discharge of duty, but such acts across this that if omitted or refused to be done, should non justly bailiwick the person to censure as a shortcoming or failure." Admission date 4 Jan 2020.
  55. ^ Doctor Emerge Wagner Testifies At Wounded Knee joint Hearings Part Two Archived July viii, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ^ "U.S. Army Indian Wars, Medal of Honor citations". History.army.mil. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
  57. ^ "Due south. Dakota Senate unanimously seeks inquiry into Wounded Knee Medals of Honor". Daily Kos. February 23, 2021. Retrieved Feb 27, 2021. That wasn't a battle, that was a slaughter.
  58. ^ Warren, Elizabeth (March 26, 2021). "Warren, Merkley, and Kahele Reintroduce the Remove the Stain Act".
  59. ^ Hill, Richard (October seven, 1999). "Wounded Knee, A Wound That Won't Heal". Starting time Nations bug of consequence. Archived from the original on February thirteen, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  60. ^ "Statue to Wild West showman Cody". BBC NEWS. November 17, 2006. Archived from the original on February thirteen, 2021. Retrieved April xiv, 2020.
  61. ^ "History of Holy Cross Church building Pine Ridge, SD". freepages.rootsweb.com.
  62. ^ The Last days of the Sioux Nation, by Robert M. Utley, p. 5 Publisher: Yale Academy Printing; ii edition (July 11, 2004) Language: English ISBN 0-300-10316-6
  63. ^ Mackale, William and Robert Smith(2003) "Images of America: Fort Riley". Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  64. ^ Gathering the Dead at the Boxing of Wounded Knee (Photograph Notation)[one] Retrieved 29 May. 2014
  65. ^ Medal of Laurels Recipients – Indian Wars [2] Retrieved May half dozen, 2014
  66. ^ Izzo, David Garrett; Konkle, Lincoln (2002). Stephen Vincent Benet: Essays on His Life and Work. McFarland. p. 120. ISBN978-0786413645. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved Dec 29, 2017.
  67. ^ Patti Smith Group, "Ghost Dance". On Easter, Arista AB 4171, released 1978.
  68. ^ Robbie Robertson, "Ghost Trip the light fantastic toe", on Music for the Native Americans, Cema/Capitol 28295, 1994.
  69. ^ Sam Roberts. "Sam Roberts – The Bootleg Saint Lyrics MetroLyrics". MetroLyrics. Archived from the original on February xiii, 2021. Retrieved October viii, 2013. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  70. ^ "We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee" Archived December 31, 2013, at the Wayback Motorcar, Redbone'southward unofficial discography site, with lyrics. Webpage institute March 31, 2010.
  71. ^ "NAMA ten". NativeAmericanMusicAwards.com. Native American Music Awards. 2008. Archived from the original on February xiii, 2021. Retrieved Dec xxx, 2013.
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  75. ^ a b Utley p. 201
  • L. Frank Baum editorial that appeared in the Aberdeen (SD) Saturday Review on Jan three, 1891, just five days after the massacre. The author wrote nearly those terrible "Redskins," his favorite word for Indians. He wrote, "The Pioneer has before declared that our only safe depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries we had better, in society to protect our civilization, follow it upwardly by one or more incorrect and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth."

Further reading [edit]

  • Andersson, Rani-Henrik. The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.ISBN 978-0-8032-1073-8.
  • Brown, Dee. Bury My Eye at Wounded Articulatio genus: An Indian History of the American West, Owl Books (1970). ISBN 0-8050-6669-1.
  • Craft, Francis M. At Continuing Stone and Wounded Human knee: The Journals and Papers of Male parent Francis M. Arts and crafts, 1888–1890, edited and annotated by Thomas West. Foley, Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Company (2009). ISBN 978-0-87062-372-1.
  • Champlin, Tim. A Trail To Wounded Knee : A Western Story. Five Star (2001).
  • Coleman, William S.E. Voices of Wounded Knee, University of Nebraska Press (2000). ISBN 0-8032-1506-1.
  • Cozzens, Peter. The Globe is Weeping: The Epic Story on the Indian wars for the American West, Atlantic Books (2016) ISBN 978-1-78649-151-0.
  • Foley, Thomas Due west. Father Francis M. Craft, Missionary to the Sioux, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (2002). ISBN 0-8032-2015-four.
  • Cuff, Justin. We Practise Non Want the Gates Closed between Usa: Native Networks and the Spread of the Ghost Dance. Norman: University of Oklahoma Printing, 2020. ISBN 978-0-8061-6725-1.
  • Greene, Jerome A. American Carnage: Wounded Knee, 1890. Norman, OK: Academy of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
  • Hämäläinen, Peka. Lakota America: A New History of Indigenous Power, New Haven, CT: Yale University Printing (2019). ISBN 978-0-300-21595-iii.
  • Smith, Rex Alan. Moon of Popping Trees. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (1981). ISBN 0-8032-9120-5.
  • Treuer, David. The Heartbeat of Wounded Articulatio genus : Native America from 1890 to the Present. New York: Riverhead Books (2019). ISBN 978-1594633157
  • Utley, Robert Yard. Concluding Days of the Sioux Nation. 2nd Edition New Oasis, CT: Yale University Press (2004). ISBN 978-0300103168.
  • Utley, Robert M. The Indian Frontier 1846–1890. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Printing (2003). ISBN 0-8263-2998-five.
  • Utley, Robert K. Frontier Regulars The United States Ground forces and the Indian 1866–1891. New York: Macmillan Publishing (1973). ISBN 0-8032-9551-0.
  • Yenne, Nib. Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West, Westholme (2005). ISBN one-59416-016-3.

External links [edit]

  • The Wounded Knee Museum in Wall, South Dakota
  • "Walter Mason Campsite Drove," includes photographs from the Battle of Wounded Knee joint Creek, Brigham Young University
  • "A Dark Twenty-four hours" – Education Resource, Dakota Pathways
  • "The Ghost Dance; How the Indians Work Themselves upward to Fighting Pitch", eyewitness account past reporter, New York Times, November 22, 1890
  • Army at Wounded Knee
  • Recall the Massacre at Wounded Knee. Jacobin. December 29, 2016.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre

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